Requirements for a moving image production

In this essay I will be outlining the requirements for the production of a moving image such as a film, television programme or other such production such as a web series or a music video. This leads on to the first topic I shall be discussing; Types of media production.

In this particular unit we were tasked with the objective of creating a short, ninety-second moving image production which could, potentially, be submitted to the international, internet-based competition, “Depict”^[1]. There is only one requirement to the competition, that the submitted video be no longer than ninety-seconds in length. Due to the type of media product we created the piece was distributed on an online medium using the popular internet video streaming service, “YouTube” which went on to automatically link the video to

Logo for streaming service, Youtube. [i1]

the social network “Google+”. We decided that distributing through this medium was better than distributing in a physical format because to upload videos to these websites is free and therefore have less distribution costs attached to them. However this is not the only type, nor distribution platform available to producers of moving image productions. Other types of moving image productions include feature length films which are usually released to cinemas and range from one to three, sometimes more, hours long. Another example of a moving image production is a television programme which can be split further into a series, standalone or a serial such as the soap opera EastEnders. The third type of moving image production that can be created is a web series, or webisode, in which all of the content is released online whether for free, released for example on the previously mentioned YouTube, or on another form of paid media such as the popular, paid streaming service, “Netflix”.

Further types of moving image productions include music videos, advertisement, television channel idents and livestreams on websites such as “Twitch TV” where users will broadcast video live to viewers, usually of them playing games. During this list I have briefly covered different distribution methods. As I previously mentioned, we used the internet as a distribution service in our “Depict” production, entitled L’Espirit Noir, however there are many different distribution channels available. The first of these is the cinema, in which feature length films are shown or in some cases cinemas may choose to show indie films an example of this would be where my local cinema showed Ashens and the Quest for the Gamechild (2013)^[2], a short indie film produced by local YouTuber, Stuart Ashen. Another

YouTuber, Writer and
Actor Stuart Ashen[i2]

channel of distribution for a moving image production could be on OOH (out-of-home) advertising such as adverts on electronic screens. An example of this is in some shops they have an LCD screen on the counter displaying continuous adverts for products that they sell in the hope that it will tempt customers into purchasing said product. Another choice of distribution channel is to stream your content directly to your viewers in some of the ways I previously mentioned, through YouTube, Netflix or Twitch TV. An example of using this as a distribution method would be the Bristol-based company The Yogscast^[3], who use streaming as their sole method of distribution. Another distribution method would be television or the more recent feature implemented to most televisions and available from computers; on-demand. This service allows viewers to access the distributed content when they wish, an example of this being Channel 4’s service, 4od^[4], which allows viewers to catch up on content they may have missed, and in

(Left to right) Hannah Rutherford,
Lewis Brindley and Simon Lane of
The Yogscast[i3]

some cases view content early. The final methods of distribution are in hard copies, nowadays using DVD and Blu-Ray. These are more traditional methods of distribution which would have been the most popular, if not only, channel of distribution before the internet using the now outdated VHS tapes. Many production companies choose to release their moving image production straight to DVD as it is considerably cheaper than contacting cinemas or television channels.

An issue often posed not only to small beginner producers but often to big-name producers is funding and importantly if the production is feasible. There are a number of different routes a producer can take to fund their production. In our Depict production we were supplied with a budget of five pounds from the college which we had to work out the best route to spend effectively to make sure that we could acquire all of the props that were necessary, we spent £4 of this on props and costumes. A moving image producer will require more than this amount however, due to the costs incurred. The requirements for a production include talent, as in actors in the piece being produced, equipment such as cameras, sound equipment and, if applicable, lighting rigs. Another major requirement is crew to operate the equipment such as camera people and people to operate lights and boom microphones, if applicable. However, the majority of the money in a production is spent on distribution and advertising. This is to ensure that when the production is complete the audiences can gain access to the content. Another portion of the money needs to be spent on location, transport and accommodation. Location is important as this is where the piece will be filmed, often owners of land or property will want payment for using the

DVD Cover for "Aloha Fluffy" [i4]

premises. In our Depict competition entry we used our college and a local park as our locations. Due to using these places there were no costs as the college allows students to use their premises for free and the park we used was a public place and an email to local authorities was all that was needed. The transport is linked to location as not only do you have to get the location but you will need to get your talent to the property. Depending on where something is being filmed actors may need to travel long distances. An example of this is where he comedian Gabriel ‘Fluffy’ Iglesias performed a recorded stand-up comedy show in Hawaii, titled Aloha Fluffy (2013). For this he had to travel to the island from his home in California^[5]. In our Depict production there were no travel costs as there are no costs to get to college and the park is a short, 5 minute walk from the college. The accommodation is another issue when it comes to travelling long distances as if an actor lives in Los Angeles but the film is being shot in Hawaii they will need accommodation as they cannot simply go back to their home, they will need to stay near the location. Due to how close the locations were during our Depict project there were no accommodation costs.

Another cost incurred when producing a moving picture production is the cost of makeup and costumes to make actors look appropriate for the part. An example of this is in the Pirates Of The Caribbean film series in which the lead actor, Johnny Depp, is made up to look like the envisioned character, Jack Sparrow^[7]. In our Depict entry we used costumes provided to us from the college’s collection of clothing as well as some masks we purchased. We also used makeup and fake blood to make one of our talents appear like they were a corpse for a scene. The false blood was from the college and we had the makeup products already so there were no extra makeup costs. Another cost involved in small productions as well as large Hollywood blockbusters is the cost of props. In our Depict production we purchased some of the props, two hatchets for the killers to wield, and other props, such as the glass our talent is holding in the first scene, were supplied from the college’s prop cupboard. The final element required in a production is a soundtrack. Soundtracks can be expensive to purchase, whether you wish to buy the rights to have the music in your production or have it composed specifically for you. In the production of the Kevin Smith movie Clerks (1994) the majority of the budget was spent on obtaining rights to include the music heard^[8]. The other option, hiring a composer, is a popular option with movies such as Spielberg’s Jaws (1975), Jurassic Park (1993) and George Lucas’ Star Wars Saga hiring composer John Williams to produce the iconic music^[9]. I personally

Composer John Williams[i5]

 composed the music to our Depict project as it was much easier to do so than find royalty free music on the internet and it was also cheaper than having to pay a composer to create music for us.

The next step in the issue of funding is securing payment to create the moving image production. There are a number of different ways to fund a moving image production. In our Depict production we were given a budget of five pounds to spend on props and costumes as well as access to the college’s prop cupboard which houses an extensive range of props and costumes. Other producers do not have this luxury, however, and must secure funding for their project themselves. The first way of gaining funding for a moving image production is to take out a loan from a bank. This is a popular way of gaining the funding however it is not recommended for beginner filmmakers, “All the money you use should be out of pocket. Don’t take out a bank loan or anything like that.”^[10] The second method used by big time and beginner filmmakers alike is crowdsourcing in which producers outline their plans of what they want to do on crowdsourcing websites such as “Kickstarter”. People then read about the project and pledge money. No money changes hands until the filmmaker gets the goal that they specified when beginning the campaign. An example of a successful campaign on Kickstarter is the documentary Minecraft: The Story of Mojang based on the small indie company that created the massively popular game Minecraft. This documentary was successfully funded on Kickstarter in 2011 and was created and released in 2012 starring the then owner of the company, Markus Perrson and Populus game developer Peter Molyneux, to name but a few^[11]. Another form of funding available is self-financing where a filmmaker will use their own personal funds to create their moving image production. Kevin Smith, creator of Clerks, sold his old comic book collection in an effort to raise money for his film, however this was not the only way he raised money.

A further way that a filmmaker could raise funds to create their moving image production is to secure private investment from an outside source. A person whom is not a stranger to funding the production of films is Megan Ellison, a wealthy investor who funded films such as Zero Dark Thirty (2012) and American Hustle (2013), the likes of which unlikely to exist if not for her funding. Filmmakers could also do marketing deals before the movie is released, or even before filming in some instances. Marketing deals allow companies to create official

Investor Megan
Ellison [i6]

merchandise for the movie, for a price, which will benefit both the manufacturer of the products and the filmmaker as they are basically advertising each other’s product. The next way in which the producer of a moving image production could gain money is by doing product placement in their movie. This is where companies pay producers of TV shows and movies to feature their product in the production. An example of this is in the movie Back to the Future Part 2 (1989) there are product placements by Nike and Pepsi as these are both products shown to the camera that have been paid to be featured^[12]. The final method of raising money for a production I will mention is the fundraising through funds, specifically the BFI fund. This is where filmmakers will present their idea to the British Film Institute and if it is accepted money will be sent to fund the production of the idea^[13]. A final what in which a moving image production can be funded is through competitions. An example of this is the previously mentioned Depict competition in which the winner is awarded with up to £2,500. The filmmaker will need to self-finance their entry but if they win they can reinvest their winnings into another production.

Filmmakers rarely work solo as there are lots of cast and crew needed for any production. A small, low budget film may only have very few actors, the cast, and potentially even fewer crew. The minimum crew required on a moving image production would be a camera operator, however in a Hollywood feature film there will need to be camera crew, potentially operating more than one camera, boom microphone operators who will handle the microphone to ensure that everything the actors say is heard and that the boom microphone is not seen in shot. The other crew required would be costume, props and makeup people to ensure that all the props for each scene are present, the actors are fully made up and are wearing their correct costume in full. Another person who is always required at these productions is the director whom will order people around according to the storyboard and shot list, in small productions it is common for the camera operator to do this job also. Television programmes will require about the same amount of cast and crew as a Hollywood feature film, if not more in many cases. The television programme Strictly Come Dancing is famed with having the most cameras in a multi-camera setup of any television

My Name Is Earl DVD cover [i7]

programme^[14]. Having a multiple camera setup is very common with TV shows such as Parks and Recreation, My Name Is Earl and Scrubs, to name but a few, famously using this technique^[15]. In our short for the Depict competition we had a small group of 3 people. Two of us were cast as two parts; ‘Detective’ and ‘Murderer 1’. The third member of the group was filming the production. We also had help from a friend to play two roles as ‘Corpse’ and ‘Murderer 2’. The cast had all had experience acting in short productions before, as had the camera operator in filming. We allocated the work as such that we would all perform tasks we had experience with, as the other task and I had experience in acting in small roles such as this we took on this role, this is similarly how the camera operator got their job.

There are many people who contribute to the creation of moving image productions who are incredibly important to the whole dynamic of the project. The first member of the team who is possibly one of the most important people, alongside directors and camera crew, is the scriptwriter. Without this member of the team there will be no lines for actors to say during the performance. There is not a scriptwriter in all productions, such as silent films or improvised performances, however it is common for one to be present for most moving image productions. Often, in television productions, the scriptwriter will double up as a character or director such as Ricky Gervais on his television programmes The Office, Extras and Derek^[16] or Lee Mack in his show, Not Going Out^[17]. A further member of the production team who is required for everything to operate smoothly is a first aid attendant.

Writer and actor, Ricky
Gervais [i8]

This person is required as there may be a number of different issues outlined in the health and safety assessment, the presence of a first aid attendant will help to eliminate the risk of injury and will help attend to people who may be injured on set. The next member is the accountant of the project who will work out the budget of the production and ensure that there is enough money to continue with the project. The most important job of the accountant is to make sure all cast and crew receive payment, otherwise production will not be able to continue. Another member of the team would be the location scout who will search out a location to film the production. Without a location scout many locations that would be perfect for filming would be overlooked.

During our Depict production we were allowed one week to film our productions. We, like many teams also creating moving image productions for this task, finished our filming early. There was initially an issue due to weather as the day we had assigned to film our outdoor scenes in the forest there were heavy downpours making the area unsafe for filming. We had booked the room for our indoor scene on the Wednesday of the week however we were able to swap with another team and film our indoor scenes early. We completed our outdoor scene on the Tuesday of the week; luckily the rain had dried out by this time. We managed to finish all of the required filming by the Wednesday of the week of filming and managed to start editing our piece together earlier than expected and had our piece completed within one week’s time, by the following Wednesday. I believe that we used the time very effectively allowing us to finish early and giving us extra time to complete our evaluation of the piece we had created. In the professional industry if a deadline is not met it can be critical for the production as, if a moving image production falls behind schedule it may mean the release date being moved back by days, months or even years meaning investors may get irate about the situation, making them unlikely to invest in the future. Another key issue of this happening is if the times move on too much. An example of this is the upcoming film Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever (2014). The movie is due to be released in December of 2014 however it was released at completely the wrong time as all the hype around the “grumpy cat” internet meme has completely died at this point.^[18]

Poster Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever [i9]

This could affect the film’s performance. Luckily for our project we managed to meet all the deadlines set.

For a professional moving image production there are lots of different pieces of equipment required including lighting equipment, camera equipment, microphones and additional equipment such as camera stability equipment such as tripods or dollies for panning the camera. Lighting equipment is required to light the scene if there is no ambient lighting, or if ambient lighting is not being used. Camera equipment will be used for filming the performance and the camera stability is used for securing the camera as opposed to having it handheld a tripod could be used. Moving image production companies can either purchase props and such equipment or hire it from a facility house. The local media facility house to my location is called White Label Media^[19] who hire out all the equipment required. Another company is hireacamera^[20] who rent out cameras by the day and send the cameras via post. The highest price of an SLR camera on the website is the Canon EOS 1DC costing £125 a day. Other equipment such as monopods and other camera accessories cost varying prices, the monopod costing as little as £2 a day. For our production for the Depict competition we were allowed to borrow equipment from the college’s “AV room” in which they house lots of equipment for usage. We borrowed a camera, tripod and SD card to film the production and we also borrowed fake blood, a glass and bottles as props from the college’s prop cupboard, near the AV room.

We had to complete a number of forms to secure the locations that we wished to use could be secured legally to allow us to use them. First of all we needed to complete a recce form where we went to our locations and listed details of it such as when it was available, who we needed to contact for permission and other interesting details which could affect the production. We completed two recces for our two locations; the college’s designated room for indoor filming named “W12” and a nearby playing field named “Meadow Park”. We listed all of the details of these and moved on to the next stage of securing the location. The next stage was obtaining a release, allowing us to film in the locations. For W12 we got our release signed by our teacher Josh Trett and, due to it being public place, we did not need permission to film at Meadow Park however we did send an email to the police to ensure that they knew we would be using prop weapons in our production so there would be no distress caused to the public. We picked these locations as W12 is a good indoor space to film as it has cabinets and a desk so it would work perfectly as the office for the main character, the detective. The second location, Meadow Park, was picked as it has a large forest connected to it which works perfectly as an ominous, spooky woodland. The other reason we picked both of these locations is that access to them is free and there are no travel expenses as W12 is at the college and Meadow Park is just a five-minute walk from the college campus. We faced one minor issue with the second location as on the first day of filming it rained, however we managed to get around that by moving our indoor scene to the first day of filming and the outdoor scene, which would have been the first scene, to the second day of filming, once the rain stopped.

I have now discussed a number of different elements required to produce a moving image production such as crew, cast and equipment however I have yet to discuss the additional resources. There are various different resources required for not only the filming process but also the editing process. The first required things are the make-up and costumes which, depending on the type of moving image production, can be very important. A documentary will use less costumes and make-up as they are factual and realistic but a Hollywood feature film will use more to make actors look like the characters they are portraying. Another required element to a moving image production are props. Almost all moving image productions from music videos to feature length films require props. In our Depict project we used a number of props including fake hatchets, files, a glass and a telephone to add to the mise-en-scene to make the office scene and the forest scene more believable. Depending on the production archive footage may be required for example the series of documentaries on Sky starring Ross Kemp titled Ross Kemp on gangs, Ross will discuss the different gangs he researches and then goes to meet with file footage shown to explain the point he is making^[21]. The final elements are incredibly important to the production, potentially the

Actor and journalist
Ross Kemp [i10]

most critical elements. These are the music and sound effects. As I previously mentioned the soundtrack was the biggest cost to Kevin Smith's Clerks. Music and sound effects are so important because if a fighting scene in a movie had no sound effects it wouldn't sound very realistic, or if there's a horror movie without a spooky soundtrack it wouldn't have so much suspense and wouldn't be as scary. There is a final requirement which can cost a lot of money, insurance. This is a very important element as if a member of the cast or crew gets injured on set it can be very expensive so ensuring that the project has insurance can prevent large costs should they get injured.

There is a further issue to be considered when choosing materials and that is copyright, especially with stock footage and music. There are lots of ways around copyright for example using royalty free music or stock footage which can be purchased from various websites or there are free royalty-free music available such as that of composer Kevin MacLeod, owner of the website Incompetech^[22]. This website allows users to download and use the content for free in any production so long as there is a link back to the website from which the music was obtained. Copyright is

Musician Kevin MacLeod [i11]

automatically created once something is created, for example when we published our Depict entry it was automatically copyrighted to us as we were the original creators of the piece. However copyright does not last forever, songs for example only last 70 years from when they are first published^[23]. The musician Cliff Richard recently won a legal battle to this affect as many of his earlier songs were in danger of becoming free from copyright, however following a long legal battle he was awarded the right to extend the copyright to 95 years^[24]. We used an original soundtrack for our piece so there was no copyright issues, the soundtrack itself was also free as it was self written. The final legal issue to be considered are permissions, for example if you want to film in a specific location that you need permission to film there. We managed to get all the required permissions when filming our Depict entry so we were able to use the locations, however as one was public it could be used anyway, as long as we contacted the authorities first. There was a film released recently that filmed without getting permission from the owner of the location, nor the brand it showed on the screen. The film was published in 2013 under the name Escape from Tomorrow and was a horror film based in Disneyland, with no permission from the Walt Disney Company^[25]. Despite our music not being copyrighted we did still have some minor issues with copyright. In one scene our detective is handed a photo of a forest with a location written on the back. We had a difficult time finding the image online as it needed to be royalty-free for the production. We eventually managed to find a picture that worked well, for free.

The gaining permission to use a copyrighted material is known as clearance. This means that the original creator of the piece, be it artwork or music, has given permission for a third party to use their property as long as they follow a set of rules as to how it is used. Kevin MacLeod, whom I previously mentioned, gives permission for people to use his music for free as long as they credit him, or they can pay him a small fee to not have to credit him. Another example is when I composed music for my friend's game, TripFlip (currently in

Logo for "TripFlip" [i12]

development, at the time of writing), he asked to use my music and I gave him clearance to use my music as he wished^[26]. Another thing needed for a moving image production is public liability insurance which is where the producer of the piece will pay to cover any accidents that may occur involving the public, for example if you are filming in public and a member of the public injures themselves on a prop that is in the scene they cannot sue for damages due to the public liability insurance. The final thing that the producer of a moving image production will need to worry about is completion guarantee, also known as completion insurance. This is where there is a legal bond between the production's financier, such as an investor, and the production itself as an assurance that there will be a product at the end as a result of the funding and it will arrive on schedule. If this is broken by the production phase running over then the financier is legally entitled to take the production team to court to recoup any money lost in a civil claim^[27].

The next thing to discuss is what happens when a production is released. All productions released to the public officially, through television or cinema as opposed to online, have to be regulated by a regulatory body. The regulatory body ensures that a production is appropriate for a certain audience, for example the British Board of Film Classification gives all films released to a cinema in the United Kingdom a certificate, this does not always apply to indie films however. This is to ensure that young people do not see anything inappropriate, for example violent horror films are rated 18 as it may scare younger viewers, similarly to some comedy films that have vulgar humour. The main regulator of television is known as 'Ofcom' and works on behalf of the government and was created with the Office Of Communications Act 2002, hence its name Ofcom^[28]. The job of this body is to regulate what is shown on television and at what time, for example there is a cut-off time on British television known as the watershed which separates content appropriate for children and adults – after the watershed there will be more vulgar language and scenes of either a

Ofcom logo [i13]

violent or sexual nature that would not be shown earlier than this time. The watershed occurs at 9pm in the United Kingdom. The British Broadcasting Corporation, BBC, is regulated to an extent by Ofcom however they are not fully regulated by the government body. The BBC has its own internal body that regulates what is shown and that is known as the BBC Trust. The trust is made up of twelve trustees who ensure that everything shown on the BBC is appropriate and that the BBC maintain to achieve their mission, as taken from their website, “The BBC exists to serve the public, and its mission is to inform, educate and entertain. ”^[29]. This is different to Ofcom as, firstly, it is an internal organisation that works for the company it is regulating. A further difference is that Ofcom can impose legal penalties should any of the rules it set be broken. The penalty is dealt with in a Magistrate's Court and can be up to the maximum penalty a magistrate is allowed to enforce^[30]. The BBC Trust ensures that all of Ofcom's guidelines are met as well as ensuring that they perform the following roles (as taken from their website, ref. 29): “make the most creative and distinctive output, innovate online and create a more personal BBC, serve all audiences and improve value for money”. This is due to the fact that unlike the ITV the BBC do not show advertisements on their channels, they are funded through people paying for television licenses.

The BBFC (British Board of Film Classification), as I have previously mentioned, are another body of regulation, however they regulate films. The job of the BBFC is to decide what certificate to give a film. The different certificates that they can give a film are U, for universal as in anyone can watch the production, PG, standing for parental guidance as there may be some scenes inappropriate for children, 12A, meaning anyone aged 12 or

BBFC Logo [i14]

over or with parental accompaniment can watch the production, 12, meaning anyone ages 12 or over can watch, 15 and 18, for anyone aged those ages or over, respectively. This is very important and is enforced in cinemas as well as in DVD shops. This is to prevent anyone accessing a film with a higher rating than the customer is. For example I have been to watch films at the cinema and have been asked for ID in the past, likewise when buying moving image productions from shops. This is to prevent children accessing inappropriate content such as nudity or violence which may be in films with a higher certificate.

Regulation affects everything we see on television, film and hear on the radio however it does not affect everything we watch. Videos distributed online are not regulated by any body. The internet streaming website YouTube does have a code of regulations for what is uploaded to their website and they will, and have in many cases, remove videos deemed to be inappropriate for the website. However bad language is not covered by this policy meaning that children may get access to videos with vulgarity in them. For example I previously mentioned the YouTube company “The Yogscast” who produce content on a daily basis for the streaming website. Their videos contain swearing and often discussions of a sexual nature that would be highly inappropriate for children however swearing is not deemed unacceptable on YouTube so it persists and anyone can gain access to the content. Despite swearing being allowed on YouTube there are, of course, some boundries such as real violence is not allowed to be uploaded nor is any form of inappropriate nudity or anything which is deemed incitement or racist^[31]. Not all of the Ofcom regulations are followed online as Ofcom has no jurisdiction on the internet as a number of companies, YouTube included, operate outside of the United Kingdom. Ofcom can however regulate websites such as the BBC's catch up service iPlayer, as well as the ITV's ITVPlayer and Channel 4's 4od to name but a few. The regulation of the internet does not affect our Depict production as we ensured that none of the content we produced was inappropriate and could therefore be shown on the internet.

The final thing I shall discuss in this essay are trade unions and trade associations. Firstly I will talk about trade unions. A trade union is an organised association of workers that join together to protect their rights. Most, if not all, professions have trade unions to make sure that they all collectively are treated well in their chosen careers, for example the National Farmer's Union is a group of farmers that ensure that together their rights are heard^[32]. This is also applicable to the moving image production profession. The first trade union for workers in the moving image sector is PACT (producer's alliance for cinema and television). PACT ensures that there are fair opportunities for all members of their organisation and workers in the cinema and television sector specifically^[33]. Another organisation that exists is BECTU (broadcasting, entertainment, cinematography and theatre union). This union protects, as stated in its name, a much wider group of workers in a wider sector including broadcasting and theatre. BECTU works on representing staff and freelance workers in one

BECTU logo [i15]

of their covered sectors. According to their website, they cover a wide range of services to its members such as: “negotiating pay conditions and contracts with employers”, “advice and representation”, “training support and courses” and “networking events” to name but a few^[34]. The final thing I shall discuss is a trade association. A trade association is much like a trade union, however it is organised, founded and funded by companies that operate in the industry that they serve^[35]. An example within the media sector is BIMA (British Interactive Media Association). BIMA, much like a trade union, helps to “support and promote the British digital industry”, “share knowledge”, “reward great work” and “encourage the next generation”, according to their website^[36]. So much like a trade union the role of this organisation is to help members get the most they can within their chosen sector, in this case media. So to sum up, a trade association is owned by businesses in the industry that found, organise and fund it whereas trade unions are created and funded by workers in the sector. Both exist to provide that workers in the sectors are fairly represented.

1) http://www.depict.org/

2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Ashen

3) http://www.youtube.com/user/bluexephos

4) www.channel4.com/programmes/4od

5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Iglesias

6) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirates_of_the_Caribbean_(film_series)

7) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerks

8) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Williams

9) http://actioncutprint.com/youngfilmmakertips/

10) https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/2pp/minecraft-the-story-of-mojang /

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2087878/

11) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megan_Ellison

12) http://brandsandfilms.com/2011/01/top-40-product-placements-of-all-time-10-1/

13) http://www.bfi.org.uk/supporting-uk-film/funding-filmmakers

14) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strictly_Come_Dancing

15) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup

16) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Gervais

17) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Mack

18) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumpy_Cat#Film

19) http://www.wlms-ltd.co.uk/

20. http://www.hireacamera.com/
21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Kemp_on_Gangs
22. http://incompetech.com/
23. https://www.gov.uk/copyright/overview
24. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/media/8758116/Cliff-Richard-wins-fight-to-have-music-copyright-extended.html
25. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escape_from_Tomorrow
26. http://www.gorepixelgames.co.uk/
27. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_guarantee
28. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom
29. http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbctrust/
30. http://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/radiocommunication-licences/amateur-radio/guidance-for-licensees/licence-misuse-licence/ofcom-do
31. https://www.youtube.com/t/community_guidelines
32. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_union
33. http://www.pact.co.uk/about-us/
34. https://www.bectu.org.uk/about
35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_association
36. http://www.bima.co.uk/about-bima/index.asp

i1)  http://www.youtube.com/yt/brand/downloads.html
i2) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2902898/
i3) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Yogscast
i4) http://www.amazon.com/Gabriel-Iglesias-Aloha-Fluffy/dp/B00B58FU3I
i5) http://starwars.wikia.com/wiki/John_Williams
i6) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2691892/
i7) http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0460091/
i8) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0315041
i9) http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv/aubrey-plaza-voice-grumpy-cat-lifetime-movie-article-1.1944574
i10) http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0447360/
i11) http://freemusicarchive.org/music/Kevin_MacLeod/
i12) http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=344097509
i13) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofcom
i14) http://www.bbfc.co.uk/what-classification/digital-age-ratings
i15) https://www.bectu.org.uk/advice-resources/clips/20